The encourage and positive development of oil and gas project in Malaysia deep water sea has led to the exchange of the underwater exploration from the shallow water depth to deeper water depth. However, this changes have raises the issue on deep water challenges for the submarine pipeline design. Designing a subsea pipeline is a challenge task and the process requires a detailed study and assessment of relevant pipeline design consideration and pipeline failure criteria. “Design of Deep Water Oil Subsea Pipeline in Malaysian Seas” project discuss a number of issues that need to be taken into account when designing a deep water subsea pipeline for Malaysian waters, mainly related to the excessive external pressure on the pipeline. Problems of high external pressure will results in pipeline failure such as system collapse and propagation buckling of a pipeline. In addressing these issues, consideration towards pipeline wall thickness design is being taken and the design process of the pipeline will be made in accordance to DNV class rule. Apart from that, a case study related to existed oil and gas project in Malaysia has being carried out, where Kikeh Gas Pipeline project from Kikeh oil field was selected as a study subject. By referring to the case study, a decent subsea pipeline design will be carried out and analyze so that it can suite to operate for Malaysian deep water seas.
Department of Aeronautical, Automotive and Ocean Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Ocean and Aerospace Engineering Research Institute, Indonesia.
Crude palm oil has a high free fatty acid over 2% is called CPO off-grade. This oil as an alternative energy sources are less costly in the held in one stage by a heterogeneous catalyst in order to produce a biodiesel or fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) over a ZnO catalyst. In this research, ZnO is made from zinc carbonate precipitant. Yield of conversion oil to FAME found approximately 96% under condition temperatures reaction 65 ±2°C, ratio moles of reactants 1:18 v/v, and the amount of catalyst 0.5%. ZnO catalyst is found as a potential in the biodiesel production. The catalytic activity of catalyst is determined by regenerating the spent catalyst, then it re-used four times in the transesterification reaction cycles. Results, the catalytic activity of ZnO catalyst till retain in the 4 th reaction cycle giving the yield of crude biodiesel in the range of 96 –75 %.
This paper presents a control method for 3D independent actuators using PDAFC (Proportional Derivative Active Force Control). PD is used to stabilize the actuators, where as AFC is used to reject disturbance uncertainty by estimating disturbance torque value of actuator. Simulation result shows that PDAFC can minimize disturbance uncertainly effect. To test the performances of a control system actuator given disorder constant and sine. To research it uses cube as an actuator. when give the actuators disturbance with the constant value of 45, to achieve setpoint actuators takes 1 second. This condition is in all actuators whether it was the yaw, pitch and roll. When give the actuators disturbance with the sine, to achieve setpoint actuators takes 1.25 second. This condition is in all actuators whether it was the yaw, pitch and roll.
Electronic Engineering, Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institu te of Surabaya, Indonesia.
Mechatronic Engineering, Electronic Engineering Polytechnic Institute of Surabaya, Indonesia.
